Gender Inequality in the Cocoa Supply Chain: Evidence from Smallholder Production in Ecuador and Uganda

Resumen

• Female farmers are highly involved in cocoa production, but their roles and decision-making power differ between male and female managed farms. • Gender-based cultural, institutional and social norms lead to significant disadvantages in cocoa revenue generation for female farmers. • All women in the case studies benefit significantly less from global cocoa supply chains than men, with varying degrees of discrimination. • Gender inequalities persist even within the allegedly 'sustainable' cocoa sector and despite sustainability certifications.