A migración laboral actual: expatriación empresarial ou fuga de cerebros?

Resumen

galegoEste traballo analiza o proceso de internacionalizacion empresarial e os seus efectos sobre a organizacion e xestion dos recursos humanos, en particular no tocante a migracion de tipo laboral, cuxo obxectivo basico e a busca de emprego. Asi, desde unha perspectiva individual, analizanse tamen as tendencias da emigracion dos mozos espanois durante a etapa de crise actual, especialmente entre o grupo con maior nivel de formacion, o que se da en conecer como «fuga de cerebros». Tratase dun fenomeno recente que, ainda que acadou gran notoriedade social, non foi suficientemente explorado para o caso espanol. De por parte, presentanse como caso de estudo nove proxectos migratorios de mozos emigrantes galegos no exterior, que incluen tanto as suas estratexias de integracion sociolaboral como percepcions, opinions e apreciacions persoais sobre a sua situacion actual. A metodoloxia de traballo segue unha lina estruturada que inclue tecnicas de investigacion cuantitativa e cualitativa que se basean, por un lado, na explotacion de fontes secundarias oficiais; e, polo outro, na realizacion de enquisas en profundidade semiestruturadas. Os resultados revelan a incuestionable tendencia a alza da emigracion xuvenil espanola durante a actual etapa de crise para todos os destinos considerados. Poren, o efecto de «retorno as raices» parece ser ainda mais poderoso, sobre todo se mellora a situacion do mercado laboral espanol. Con todo, dado que e un fenomeno recente, que non mostra desgaste nin moderacion, habera que agardar para conecer a sua tendencia no futuro. EnglishThis paper analyses the process of corporate globalization and its effects on the organization and management of human resources. This phenomenon has very clear effects on labour migration rate, internationally, whose main objective is the search for employment. Thus, from an individual perspective, trends in migration of Spanish youth during the current stage of crisis are also analysed, especially in the group with the highest level of training, which has become known as “brain drain”. This is a recent phenomenon, although with great presence in society, has not been explored enough for the Spanish case. In addition, it is presented a case study of nine migrant youth projects of Galician emigrants abroad that include both social and labour integration strategies and their perceptions, opinions and assessments about their current situation. The work methodology follows a structured line that includes two research techniques (quantitative and qualitative) based on the use of official secondary sources first and, secondly, on semi-structured in-depth surveys. The results reveal the undeniable upward trend in the Spanish university youth migration during the current stage of crisis to all foreign destinations covered, due to the lack of jobs and the need of finding new and better opportunities. However, the “return to roots effect” seems to have an even more powerful effect, especially if the situation of the Spanish labour market improves. Since this is a recent phenomenon, we should wait to see future trends.