Factores psicosociales y comportamientos de salud relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: un análisis multivariable

Resumen

espanolEste estudio busco analizar la interrelacion entre el consumo de alcohol y otros comportamientos relacionados con la salud y diversos factores psicolsociales vinculados al contexto familiar, escolar y grupo de iguales en adolescentes espanoles. La muestra utilizada es representativa de los adolescentes escolarizados espanoles de diecisiete anos (n = 1405). El 40.9% son chicos y el 59.1% chicas. El sistema de muestreo ha sido aleatorio, estratificado, proporcional, polietapico y por conglomerados. Se utilizo un cuestionario anonimo que los propios escolares cumplimentaron en sus aulas. Los datos fueron analizados a traves de la tecnica de analisis de correspondencias multiples. Los resultados obtenidos revelan dos factores principales: 1) Consumo de alcohol; 2) Actividad deportiva y autopercepcion. En concreto, el primer factor muestra la covariacion del consumo de alcohol con otros comportamientos de riesgo para la salud y diversos factores psicosociales. El consumo de alcohol aparece asociado al consumo de tabaco y cannabis, relaciones sexuales sin proteccion, no utilizacion del casco al circular en moto, no respeto a las senales de trafico, busqueda de sensaciones de riesgo, percepcion de bajo apoyo parental, escasa integracion escolar, salidas frecuentes con los amigos por las tardes, acostarse tarde y sensacion de cansancio matinal en dias lectivos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los programas dirigidos a la prevencion del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes deben tener presente su interrelacion con otros comportamientos de riesgo para la salud y el contexto psicosocial. EnglishThe study aims to determine the interrelationship between alcohol consumption and other health behaviors and different psychosocial factors related to family, school and peers context among Spanish adolescents. The population of Spanish students is represented by a sample covering the age group of 17 years old (n =1.405; male: 40.9%; female: 59.1%). A proportional stratification and multistage sampling system was used. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by the students in class. Data was analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis. Factor analysis findings revealed two main factors: 1) Alcohol consumption; and 2) Physical activity and self-appraisal. Specifically, the first factor showed the interrelationship between alcohol consumption behavior and others health-risk behaviors and different psychosocial variables. Results reveal alcohol consumption among adolescents is associated with tobacco and cannabis consumption, sexual risk behaviors, do not use helmet while riding in a motorcycle and do not respect traffic? norms, low perceived risk of to drive a motorcycle after drinking alcohol or ride with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, sensation seeking behaviors, perception of low support from parents, low integration to school, to spent with friends more evenings, go to bed late and feel frequent morning tiredness on school days. These findings suggest that alcohol consumption prevention programs must take into consideration the interrelationship with others health-compromising behaviors and the psychosocial context.